References

Additional sources and materials

Alekseev V.P. Istoricheskaya antropologiya i ehtnogenez. M., 1989.      
Debets G.F. Proiskhozhdenie korennogo naseleniya Ameriki//Narody mira. Narody Ameriki. T. 1. M., 1959.
Deniker I. Chelovecheskie rasy. SPb., 1902.
Zubov A.A. "Vostochnyj zubnoj kompleks" u naseleniya Tikhookeanskogo poberezh'ya Peru//Sb. "XIV Tikhookeanskij nauchnyj kongress". T. 1. M., 1979. S. 45-55.
Zubov A.A. Drevnejshee zaselenie Ameriki v svete dannykh fizicheskoj antropologii//Rossijskij ehtnograf. Vyp. 20. 1993.
Zubov A.A. Biologo-antropologicheskaya kharakteristika korennogo doevropejskogo naseleniya Ameriki//Naselenie Novogo Sveta: problemy formirovaniya i sotsial'nokul'turnogo razvitiya. M., 1999. S. 9-66.
Karafet T.M., Zegura S.L., Khammer M.F. Istoricheskoe osvoenie chelovekom novykh territorij: rol' drevnikh populyatsij Azii v zaselenii Ameriki//Vestn. VOGiS. (Vavilovskoe ob-vo genetikov i selektsionerov). 2006. T. 10. № 1. S. 7-23.
Malyarchuk, Derenko 2006 - Malyarchuk B.A., Derenko M.V. Filogeneticheskie aspekty izmenchivosti mitokhondrial'nogo genoma cheloveka // Vestn. VOGiS. 2006. T. 10. № 1. S. 41-56.     
Olovnikova N. Gruppy krovi: 100 let posle otkrytiya//Nauka i zhizn'. 2002. № 7. S. 25-27.         
Stepanov V.A., Khar'kov V.N., Puzyrev V.P. Ehvolyutsiya i filogeografiya linij Y-khromosomy cheloveka//Vestn. VOGiS. 2006. T. 10. № 1. S. 57-73.    
Sukernik R.I., Krouford M.G., Osipova L.P., Vibe V.P., Shenfild M.S. Pervonachal'noe zaselenie Ameriki v svete dannykh populyatsionnoj genetiki//Ehkologiya amerikanskikh indejtsev i ehskimosov: Problemy indeanistiki. M., 1988.          
Khit', Dolinova 1990 -Khit' G.P., Dolinova N.A. Rasovaya differentsiatsiya chelovechestva (Dematoglificheskie dannye), M., 1990.
Cheboksarov N.N. Osnovnye printsipy antropologicheskikh klassifikatsij//Proiskhozhdenie cheloveka i drevnee rasselenie chelovechestva. M., 1951. S. 291-325.
Bridsell J.B. The Problemof the Early Peopling of the Americas as Viewed from Asia//Papers on the Phisical Antropology of the American Indians. N.Y., 1951.
Bailliet et al., 1994 - Bailliet G., Rothhammer F., Carnese F.R. Founder mitochondrial Haplotypes in Amerindian Populations // American Journal of Human Genetics (dalee - American Journ. Hum. Genet.). 1994. Vol. 55. № 1. P. 27-33.
Batista et al., 1995 - Batista O., Kolman C.J., Bermingham E. Mitochondrial DNA diversity in the Kuna Amerinds of Panama // Human Molecular Genetics (dalee - Hum. Mol. Genet.). 1995. Vol. 4. № 5. P. 921-929.
Bianchi et al., 1997 - Bianchi N., Bailliet G., Brav C. Origin of Amerindian Y-Chromosomes as Inferred by the Analysis of Six Polymorphic Markers // American Journal of Physical Anthropology (dalee - American Journ. Phys. Anthropol.) 1997. Vol. 102. P. 79-89.
Bianchi et al., 1998 - Bianchi N.O., Catanesi C.I., Baillie G. Characterization of Ancestral and Derived Y-Chromosome Haplotypes of New World Native Populations // American Journ. Hum. Genet. 1998. Vol. 63. P. 1862-1871.          
Bodmer, Bodmer 1973 - Bodmer J., Bodmer W.F. Population Genetics of the HLA System. A Summary of Data from the Fifth International Histocompatibility Testing Workshop // Israel Journal of Medical Science. 1973. Vol. 9. P. 1257-1268.
Bonatto, Salzano 1997 - Bonatto S., Salzano F. Diversity and Age of the Four Major mtDNA Haplogroups, and Their Implications for the Peopling of the New World // American Journ. Hum. Genet. 1997. Vol. 61. P. 1413-1423.        
Bortolini et al., 2002 -Bortolini M.C., Salzano F.M., Bau C.H. Y-chromosome biallelic polymorphisms and American Indian population structure//Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics (dalee -Ann. Review of Hum. Genet.). 2002. Vol. 66. Pt. 4. P. 255-259.
Bortolini et al., 2003 - Bortolini M.C., Salzano F.M., Thomas M.G. Y-chromosome evidence for differing ancient demographic histories in the Americas // American Journ. Hum. Genet. 2003. Vol. 73. № 3. P. 524-539.  
Bosch et al., 2003 - Bosch E., Calafell F., Rosser Z.H. High level of male-biased Scandinavian admixture in Greenlandic Inuit shown by Y-chromosomal analy sis // Hum. Genetics. 2003. Vol. 112. P. 353-363.     
Bowler et al., 2003 - Bowler J.M. et al. New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia // Nature. 2003. Vol. 421. P. 837-840.
Bravi et al., 2001 - Bravi C.M., Bailliet G., Martinez-Marignac V.L. Tracing the origin and geographic distribution of an ancestral form of the modern human Y chromosome // Revista Chilena De Historia Natural. 2001. Vol. 74. № 1. P. 139-149.
Brown et al., 1998 -Brown M.D., Hosseini S.H., Torroni A. mtDNA Haplogroup X: An Ancient Link between Europe/Western Asia and North America//American Journ. Hum. Genet. 1998. Vol. 63. P. 1852-1861.     
Carlyle et al., 2000 - Carlyle S.W., Parr R.L., Hayes M.G., O'Rourke D.H. Context of maternal lineages in the greater Southwest // American Journ. Phys. Anthropol. 2000. Vol. 113. № 1. P. 85-101.
Cavalli-Sforza, Feldman 2003 - Cavalli-Sforza L.L., Feldman M.W. The application of molecuar genetic approaches to the study of human evolution // Nature Genetics. 2003. Vol. 33. P. 266-275.  
Cinnioglu et al., 2004 - Cinnioglu C., King R., Kivisild T. Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia // Human Genetics. 2004. Vol. 114. P. 127-148.            
Derenko et al., 2001 - Derenko M.V., Grzybovski T., Malyarchuk B.A. The presence of mitochondrial haplogroup X in Altaians from South Siberia // American Journ. Human. Genetics. 2001. Vol. 69. P. 237-241.
Derenko et al., 2003 -Derenko M.V., Grzybovski T., Malyarchuk B.A. Diversity of mitochondrial DNA lineages in South Siberia//Ann. Hum. Genet. 2003. Vol. 67. Pt. 5. P. 391-411.
Easton et al., 1996 -Easton R.D., Merriwether A., Crews D.E., Ferrell R.E. mtDNA Variation in the Yanomami: Evidence for Additional New World Founding Lineages//American Journ. Hum. Genet. 1996. Vol. 59. P. 213-225.
Forster et al., 1996 - Forster P., Harding R., Torroni A., Bandelt H.-J. Origin and Evolution of Native American mtDNA Variation: A Reappraisal // American Journ. Hum. Genet. 1996. Vol. 59. P. 935-945.
Fox C.L. Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups in four tribes from Tierra del Fuego Patagonia: Inferences about the peopling of the Americas//Human Biology. 1996. Vol. 68. № 6. P. 855-871.  
Greenberg et al., 1986 - Greenberg J.H., Turner C.G., Zegura S.L. The settlement of the Americas: a comparison of the linguistic, dental, and genetic evidence // Current Anthropology (dalee - Curr. Anthropol.). 1986. Vol. 27. P. 477-497.
Hammer, Zegura 1996 - Hammer M.F., Zegura S.L. The role of the Y chromosome in human evolutionary studies // Evolutionary. Anthropology. 1996. Vol. 5. P. 116-134.     
Hammer, Zegura 2002 - Hammer M.F., Zegura S.L. The Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup Tree: Nomenclature and Phylogeography of Its Major Divisions // Annual Review of Anthropology (dalee - Ann. Rev. Anthropol.). 2002. Vol. 31. № 1. P. 303-321.
Heyer et al., 2001 -Heyer E., Puymirat J., Dieltjes P. Estimating Y chromosome specifi c microsatellite mutation frequencies using deep rooting pedigrees//Hum. Mol. Genet. 1997 Vol. 6. P. 799-803.
Horai et al., 1993 - Horai S., Kondo R., Nakagawa-Hattori Y. Peopling of the Americas, founded by four major lineages of mitochondrial DNA // Molecular Biology and Evolution (dalee - Mol. Biol. Evol.). 1993. Vol. 10 № 1. P. 23-47.
Hrdlicka A. The origin and antiquity of the American Indians. Wash., 1942.
Hutz et al., 2002 - Hutz M.H., Callegari-Jacques S.M., Almeida S.E.M. Low Levels of STRP Variability Are Not Universal in American Indians // Human Biology. 2002. Vol. 74. № 6. P. 791-806.
Imbelloni J. The Peopling of America//Acta Americana. Vol. 1. 1943.
Jorde et al., 2000 - Jorde L.B., Watkins W.S., Bamshad M.G. The distribution of human genetic diversity: a comparson of mitochondrial, autosomal, and Y-chromosome data // American Journ. Hum. Genet. 2000. Vol. 66. № 3. P. 979-988.
Kaestle, Smith 2001 - Kaestle F.A., Smith D.G. Ancient mitochondrial DNA evidence for prehistoric population movement: The Numic expansion // American Journ. Phys. Anthropol. 2001. Vol. 115. № 1. P. 1-12.     
Karafet et al., 1997 - Karafet T., Zegura S.L., Vuturo-Brady J. Y-chromocome marcers and TransBering Strait dispersals // American Journ. Phys. Anthropol. 1997. Vol. 102. P. 301-314.         
Karafet et al., 1999 - Karafet T.M., Zegura S.L., Posukh O. Ancestral Asian Source(s) of New World Y-Chromosome Founder Haplotypes // American Journ. Hum. Genet. 1999. Vol. 64. P. 817-831.  
Kayser et al., 1997 - Kayser M., Gaglia A., Corach D. Evaluation of Y-chromosome STRs: a multicenter study // International Journal of Legal Medicine. 1997. Vol. 110. P. 125-133.           
Kayser et al., 2001 - Kayser M., Krawczak M., Excoffi er L. An extensive analysis of Y-chromosomal microsatellite haplotypes in globally dispersed human populations // American Journ. Hum. Genet. 2001. Vol. 68. P. 990-1018.      
Kayser et al., 2004 - Kayser M., Kittler R., Erler A. A comprehensive survey of human Y-chromosomal microsatellites // American Journ. Hum. Genet. 2004. Vol. 74. P. 1183-1197.              
Keyeux et al., 2002 - Keyeux G., Rodas C., Gelvez N., Carter D. Possible migration routes into South America deduced from mitochondrial DNA studies in Colombian Amerindian populations // Human Biology 2002. Vol. 74. № 2. P. 211-233.            
Lalueza et al., 1997 - Lalueza C., PerezPerez A., Prats E. Lack of founding Amerindian mitochondrial DNA lineages in extinct aborigines from Tierra del Fuego Patagonia // Hum. Mol. Genet. 1997. Vol. 6. № 1. P. 41-46.         
Lell et al., 1997 - Lell J.T., Brown M.D., Schurr T.G. Y-Chromosome Polymorphisms in Native American and Siberian Populations: Identifi cation of Native American Y Chromosome Haplotypes // Human Genetics. 1997. Vol. 10. P. 8.
Lell et al., 2002 - Lell J.T., Sukernik R.I., Starikovskaya Y.B. The dual origin and Siberian affi nities of American Indian Y-chromosomes // American Journ. Hum. Genet. 2002. Vol. 70. № 1. P. 192- 206.    
Lorenz, Smith 1996 - Lorenz J., Smith D.G. Distribution of Four Founding mtDNA Haplogroups Among Native North Americans // American Journ. Phys. Anthropol. 1996. Vol. 101. P. 307- 323.         
Lorenz, Smith 1997 - Lorenz J.G., Smith D.G. Distribution of sequence variation in the mtDNA control region of native North Americans // Human Biology. 1997. Vol. 69. № 6. P. 749-776.    
Macaulay et al., 2005 - Macaulay V., Hill C., Achilli A. Single, rapid coastal settlement of Asia revealed by analysis of complete mitochondrial genomes // Science. 2005. Vol. 308. № 5. P. 1034-1036.
Malhi et al., 2001 - Malhi R.S., Schultz B.A., Smith D.G. Distribution of mitochondrial DNA lineages among American Indian tribes of northeastern North America // Human Biology. 2001. Vol. 73. № 1. P. 17-55.    
Malhi, Smith 2002 - Malhi R.S., Smith D.G. Brief Communication: Haplogroup X Confi rmed in Prehistoric North America // American Journ. Phys. Anthropol. 2002. Vol. 119. № 1. P. 84-86.     
Mathias et al., 1994 - Mathias N., Bayes M., Tyler-Smith C. Highly information compound haplotypes for the human Y-chromosome // Hum. Mol. Genet. 1994. Vol. 3. P. 115-123.
Merriwether et al., 1994 - Merriwether D.A., Rothhammer F., Ferrell R.E. Genetic Variation in the New World: Ancient Teeth, Bone, and Tissue as Sources of DNA // Experientia. 1994. Vol. 50. № 6. P. 592-601.            
Merriwether, Ferrell 1996 - Merriwether D.A., Ferrell R.E. The four founding lineage hypothesis for the New World: a critical reevaluation // Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 1996. Vol. 5. № 1. P. 241-246.          
Monsalve et al., 1998 - Monsalve M.V., Edin G., Devine D.V. Analysis of HLA class I and class II in Na-Dene and Amerindian populations from British Columbia, Canada // Human Immunology. 1998. Vol. 59. № 1. P. 48-55.
Neves, Nubbe 2005 - Neves W.A., Hubbe M. Cranial morphology of early Americans from Lagoa Santa, Brazil: Implications for the settlement of the New World // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2005. Vol. 102. № 51. P. 18309-18314.              
Neves et al., 2007 - Neves A.W., Hubbe M., Pilo L.B. Early Holocene human skeletal remains from Sumidouro Cave, Lagoa Santa, Brazil: History of discoveries, geological and chronological context, and comparative cranial morphology // Journ. Hum. Evol. 2007. Vol. 52. P. 16-30.
O'Rourke et al., 1992 - O'Rourke D.H., Mobarry A., Suarez B.K. Patterns of Genetic Variation in Native America // Human Biology. 1992. Vol. 64. № 3. P. 417-434.
Pena et al., 1995 - Pena S.D., Santos F.R., Bianchi N.O. A Major Founder Y-Chromosome Haplotype in Amerindians // Nature Genetics. 1995. Vol. 11. № 1. P. 15-16.
Redd et al., 2002 - Redd A.J. et al. Gene fl ow from the Indian subcontinent to Australia: evidence from the Y-chromosome // Current Biology. 2002. Vol. 12. P. 673-677.              
Reidla M., Kivisild T., Metspalu E., Voevoda M.I. et al. Origin and Diffusion of mtDNA Haplogroup X//American Journ. Hum. Genet. 2003. Vol. 73. № 6. P. 1178-1190.             
Rodriguez J.V.C. Algunos aspectos metodologicos-bioantropologicos relacionados con el poblamiento de America//Maguare. Revista Dpto. Antropologia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. 1987. № 5.
Rubicz et al., 2002 - Rubicz R., Melvin K.L., Crawford M.H. Genetic evidence for the phylogenetic relationship between Na-Dene and Yeniseian speakers // Human Biology. 2002. Vol. 74. № 6. P. 743-760.
Ruiz-Linares et al., 1999 - Ruiz-Linares A., Ortiz-Barrientos D., Figueroa M. Microsatellites provide evidence for Y-chromosome diversity among the founders of the New World // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1999. Vol. 96. № 11. P. 6312-6317.    
Saillard et al., 2000 -Saillard J., Forster P., Lynnerup N. mtDNA Variation Among Greenland Eskimos: The Edge of the Beringian Expansion//American Journ. Hum. Genet. 2000. Vol. 67. P. 718-726.      
Santos et al., 1995 - Santos F.R., Hutz M.H., Coimbra C.E.A. Further Evidence for the Existence of a Major Founder Y-Chromosome Haplotype in Amerindians // Brazil Journal of Genetics. 1995. Vol. 18. P. 669-672.
Santos et al., 1996 - Santos F.R., Rodriguez-Delfi n L., Pena S.D. North and South Amerindians may have the same Major Founder Y-Chromosome Haplotype // American Journ. Hum. Genet. 1996. Vol. 58. № 6. P. 1369-1370.
Santos et al., 1999 -Santos F.R., Pandya A., Tyler-Smith C. The Central Siberian Origin for American Indian Y-Chromosomes//American Journ. Hum. Genet.1999. Vol. 64. P. 619-628.        
Schurr et al., 1990 - Schurr T., Ballinger S., Gan Y. Amerindian Mitochondrial DNAs Have Rare Asian Mutations at High Frequencies, Suggesting They Derived from Four Primary Maternal Lineages // American Journ. Hum. Genet. 1990. Vol. 46. P. 613-623.
Schurr, Wallace 2002 - Schurr T.G., Wallace D.C. Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Southeast Asian Populations // Human Biology. 2002. Vol. 74. № 3. P. 431-452.            
Schurr, Sherry 2004 - Schurr T.G., Sherry S.T. Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Diversity and the Peopling of the Americas: Evolutionary and Demographic Evidence // American Journ. Human Biology. 2004. Vol. 16. P. 420-439.
Scozzari et al., 1997 -Scozzari R., Cruciani F., Santolamazza P. mtDNA and Y-Chromosome-specifi c Polymorphisms in Modern Ojibwa: Implications About the Origin of Their Gene Pool//American Journal of Human Genet. 1997. Vol. 60. № 1. P. 241-244.
Smith et al., 1999 - Smith D.G., Malhi R., Eshleman J. Distribution of mtDNA Haplogroup X Among Native North Americans // American Journ. Phys. Anthropol. 1999. Vol. 110. P. 271-284.          
Starikovskaya et al., 1998 -Starikovskaya Y.B., Sukernik R.I., Schurr N.G. mtDNA diversity in Chukchi and Siberian Eskimos: Implications for the genetic history of ancient Beringia and the peopling of the New World//American Journ. Hum. Genet. 1998. Vol. 63. № 5. P. 1473-1491.
Stone, Stoneking 1993 - Stone A.C., Stoneking M. Ancient DNA from a pre-Columbian Amerindian Population // American Journ. Phys. Anthropol. 1993. Vol. 92. P. 463-471.         
The Y-Chromosome Consortium 2002 - The Y-Chromosome Consortium. A nomenclature system for the tree of human Y-chromosomal binary haplogroups // Genome Research. 2002. Vol. 12. P. 339-348.       
Tokunaga et al., 2001 - Tokunaga K., Ohash, J., Bannai M. Genetic Link Between Asians and American Indians: Evidence from HLA Genes and Haplotypes // Human Immunology. 2001. Vol. 62. P. 1001-1008.  
Torroni et al., 1992 - Torroni A., Schurr T.G., Yang C.C. Native American mitochondrial DNA analysis indicates that the Amerind and the Nadene populations were founded by two independent migrations // Genetics. 1992. Vol. 130 № 1. P. 153-162.
Torroni et al., 1993a - Torroni A., Chen Y.S., Scott R.C. Mitochondrial-DNA and Y-Chromosome Polymorphisms in 4 Native-American Populations from Southern Mexico // American Journ. Hum. Genet. 1993. Vol. 53. № 3. P. 72-72.
Torroni et al., 1993b - Torroni A., Schurr T.G., Cabell M.F. Asian affi nities and continental radiation of the four founding Native American mtDNAs // American Journ. Hum. Genet. 1993. Vol. 53. № 3. P. 563-590.  
Torroni et al., 1993c -Torroni A., Sukernik R.I., Schurr T.G. mtDNA variation of aboriginal Siberians reveals distinct genetic affi nities with Native Americans//American Journ. Hum. Genet. 1993. Vol. 53. № 3. P. 591-608.  
Torroni et al., 1994 -Torroni A., Chen Y.S., Semino O. mtDNA and Y-chromosome polymorphisms in four Native American populations from southern Mexico//American Journ. Hum. Genet. 1994. Vol. 54. № 2. P. 303-318.  
Torroni, Wallace 1995 -Torroni A., Wallace D.C. mtDNA haplogroups in Native Americans//American Journ. Hum. Genet. 1995. Vol. 56. № 5. P. 1234-1238.
Underhill et al., 1996 - Underhill P.A., Jin L., Zemans R. A pre-Columbian Y-chromosome-specifi c transition and its implications for human evolutionary history // Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1996. Vol. 93. № 1. P. 196-200.
Underhill et al., 2001 - Underhill P.A., Passarino G., Lin A.A. The Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Binary Haplotypes and the Origins of Modern Human Populations // Annals of Human Genetics. 2001. Vol. 65. P. 43-62.
Zegura et al., 2004 - Zegura S.L., Karafet T M., Zhivotovsky L.A. High-resolution SNPs and microsatellite haplotypes point to a single, recent entry of American Indian Y-chromosomes into the Americas // Mol. Biol. and Evol. 2004. Vol. 21. № 1. P. 164-175.
Zhivotovsky et al., 2004 - Zhivotovsky L.A., Underhill P.A., Cinnioglu C. The effective mutation rate at Y-chromosome short tandem repeats, with application to human population-divergence time // American Journ. Hum. Genet. 2004. Vol. 74. P. 50-61.